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{
    "time": "2009-10-22 15:45:00",
    "attribution": {
        "en": "Mr. Bruce Chapman (Executive Director, Groundfish Enterprise Allocation Council)",
        "fr": ""
    },
    "content": {
        "en": "<p data-HoCid=\"1660459\" data-originallang=\"en\">Thank you very much, Chair.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660460\" data-originallang=\"en\"> I am not going to repeat anything Patrick said. I'm here mostly, I suppose, as a witness to try to address questions, to the extent you have them. I jotted down a few things just as an overview for my own memory. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660461\" data-originallang=\"en\">I started in the fishing industry in 1977, coincident with the extension of the jurisdiction to 200 miles. I suppose I've been covering the NAFO file since the early 1980s. So I've been kicking around the block on NAFO for quite a while, attending virtually all of the meetings.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660462\" data-originallang=\"en\">When I look at the existing convention we have in front of us, I just reflect on the fact\u2014from my observations over the 25 years or so I've been covering NAFO meetings\u2014that we've had four very different phases of NAFO under the same convention.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660463\" data-originallang=\"en\">I guess I'd like to describe the first phase as being from the early to mid-1980s. At the time, there were lots of fish and lots of quota on the go. Mainly based largely on these large amounts of quotas and fish, Canada controlled NAFO very much.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660464\" data-originallang=\"en\"> In addition to having lots of cod, which we had difficulty selling at the time\u2014in a viable way, at least\u2014we took some of our surplus cod and had a long-term agreement with the EU. In exchange for fishing rights in Canada, they provided us with reduced tariffs and with market access. In a similar way, we provided codfish to both Spain and Portugal through bilateral agreements. In addition to that, at NAFO and bilaterally\u2014which affected NAFO\u2014we provided underutilized species' quotas to the East Bloc countries.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660465\" data-originallang=\"en\">So with that combination of trading away fish we weren't catching ourselves, we effectively controlled the NAFO environment during the first period of its life. And all was peaceful, more or less, at the NAFO table.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660466\" data-originallang=\"en\">The mid-eighties changed things in a couple of different ways. These fish quota agreements, most of which were for market access, expired. At that time we saw the Germans lodge objections and saw them fishing cod on the nose of the bank\u2014a lot of cod in one year in particular. We saw the EU change their approach at NAFO as well. Spain and Portugal joined NAFO in 1986. The EU very much didn't want Spain and Portugal, with their capacity, fishing in Europe; they wanted to find fishing opportunities for them elsewhere, including in the northwest Atlantic.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660467\" data-originallang=\"en\">So the EU challenged the TAC-setting process and the quota shares. They basically challenged everything that was challengeable. At that time, Canada still had the underutilized species in its mix, and we were still able to secure votes, I suppose, at NAFO and cooperation at the NAFO table through the eastern European countries.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660468\" data-originallang=\"en\">The decisions of NAFO at the table more or less went along well, but on the water we saw increasing problems with enforcement and cheating by fishing captains. It was systematic in the late eighties and early nineties. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660469\" data-originallang=\"en\">Now, in the early nineties, in my view, we had the height of the overfishing problems and turmoil at NAFO. We had rampant use of the objection procedure by the EU, in particular, and we had the so-called discovery of the Greenland halibut or turbot resource at the time. It all led to the fighting over quotas for turbot, culminating in the <em>Estai</em> incident. There was conflict on the high seas.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660470\" data-originallang=\"en\"> When that was resolved\u2014more or less around the same time, or in a similar timeframe, as the UN fish agreement came into place\u2014we had a new phase. So in the last 10 years or so, we've moved into more of a d\u00e9tente and almost a cooperative arrangement with many of the former protagonists at the table, in particular the EU. Both Canada and the EU are cooperating on most of the issues at the NAFO table. How well all of this cooperation will continue is really unknown. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660471\" data-originallang=\"en\">There are signs of fish stock recovery. There are signs that some of the countries who don't now have large quotas, notably the United States and Korea, would like to have a bigger share as these fish stocks recover. Canada and the EU have the largest quotas. It's in our interest to have a status quo in the quota-sharing regime. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660472\" data-originallang=\"en\">That is why we support the move to a two-thirds voting system from the current 50% plus one. It helps us to defend our quota shares at the table. That's why we support an effective dispute resolution procedure to deal with objections by countries such as the Faroe Islands, which are setting their own quotas for shrimp in 3L because they disagree with the outcome at the NAFO table.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660473\" data-originallang=\"en\">When you get into these negotiations, the national interests come to the table. It's the international political environment and how it functions at the table, rather than the document itself, that will most influence the future. The document will help, but it won't dictate how long this will take to unfold. It may not be a made-in-Canada document. As in any dispute, you try to enter into negotiations in good faith to come up with a product that meets your basic objectives. In the end, you sit back and decide if it's in your interest or not. In our view, it is in our interest to ratify this new convention.</p>",
        "fr": "<p data-HoCid=\"1660459\" data-originallang=\"en\">Merci beaucoup, monsieur le pr\u00e9sident.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660460\" data-originallang=\"en\">Je ne r\u00e9p\u00e9terai pas les paroles de Patrick. Je suis ici principalement, je suppose, \u00e0 titre de t\u00e9moin, pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 vos questions. Je me suis juste pr\u00e9par\u00e9 un petit pense-b\u00eate. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660461\" data-originallang=\"en\">J'ai d\u00e9but\u00e9 dans l'industrie de la p\u00eache en 1977, ann\u00e9e o\u00f9 la zone a \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9e \u00e0 200 milles. Je m'occupe donc du dossier de l'OPANO depuis le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980. Cela signifie que je gravite autour de l'OPANO depuis quelque temps d\u00e9j\u00e0, car j'ai particip\u00e9 \u00e0 pratiquement toutes les r\u00e9unions.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660462\" data-originallang=\"en\">En examinant la convention actuelle, je tire la conclusion \u2014 \u00e0 partir des observations que j'ai pu faire depuis les 25 ans que je participe aux r\u00e9unions de l'OPANO \u2014 qu'il y a quatre \u00e9poques tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes les unes des autres qui font partie de la m\u00eame convention.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660463\" data-originallang=\"en\">Je dirais que la premi\u00e8re \u00e9poque s'\u00e9tend du d\u00e9but \u00e0 la moiti\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es 1980. Dans ces ann\u00e9es-l\u00e0, il y avait beaucoup de poisson, et les quotas \u00e9taient tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Pour cette raison, le Canada exer\u00e7ait un tr\u00e8s grand contr\u00f4le sur l'OPANO.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660464\" data-originallang=\"en\">Non seulement y avait-il beaucoup de morue, que nous avions de la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 vendre alors \u2014 de fa\u00e7on rentable, du moins \u2014 mais aussi utilisions-nous une partie du surplus de morue dans le cadre d'une entente \u00e0 long terme avec les \u00c9tats-Unis. En \u00e9change des droits de p\u00eache au Canada, les \u00c9tats-Unis nous offraient des tarifs r\u00e9duits et un acc\u00e8s au march\u00e9. De m\u00eame, nous fournissions de la morue \u00e0 l'Espagne et au Portugal au moyen d'ententes bilat\u00e9rales. En plus, \u00e0 l'OPANO et de fa\u00e7on bilat\u00e9rale \u2014 non sans r\u00e9percussions sur l'OPANO \u2014 nous fournissions les quotas d'esp\u00e8ces sous-utilis\u00e9es aux pays du bloc de l'Est. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660465\" data-originallang=\"en\">Donc, en \u00e9changeant ainsi du poisson que nous ne p\u00eachions pas nous-m\u00eames, nous contr\u00f4lions de fait l'environnement de l'OPANO pendant la premi\u00e8re p\u00e9riode de son existence. Et tout allait plus ou moins pour le mieux \u00e0 la table de n\u00e9gociation de l'OPANO. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660466\" data-originallang=\"en\">\u00c0 partir du milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980, les choses ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 changer. Tout d'abord, les ententes portant sur les quotas de poisson, dont la plupart concernaient l'acc\u00e8s au march\u00e9, ont expir\u00e9. Les Allemands ont soulev\u00e9 des objections et sont venus p\u00eacher de la morue sur le nez du banc \u2014beaucoup de morue en une ann\u00e9e. Ensuite, l'Union europ\u00e9enne a modifi\u00e9 sa d\u00e9marche \u00e0 l'OPANO. L'Espagne et le Portugal ont joint les rangs de l'OPANO en 1986. L'Union europ\u00e9enne ne voulait pas vraiment que l'Espagne et le Portugal, avec la capacit\u00e9 que nous leur connaissons, p\u00eachent en Europe; les pays de l'Union europ\u00e9enne voulaient leur ouvrir la voie \u00e0 d'autres possibilit\u00e9s de p\u00eache, notamment dans l'Atlantique Nord. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660467\" data-originallang=\"en\">L'Union europ\u00e9enne a donc contest\u00e9 le processus d'\u00e9tablissement du TAC et l'attribution des quotas. En bref, elle a contest\u00e9 tout ce qui pouvait l'\u00eatre. \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, le Canada disposait toujours des quotas des esp\u00e8ces sous-utilis\u00e9es, et il \u00e9tait encore en mesure d'obtenir des voix des pays de l'Europe de l'Est \u00e0 l'OPANO ainsi que leur collaboration \u00e0 la table de n\u00e9gociation.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660468\" data-originallang=\"en\">La prise de d\u00e9cisions \u00e0 la table de l'OPANO se d\u00e9roulait assez bien, mais en mer, on commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 constater des probl\u00e8mes d'application, et aussi de la tricherie de la part des capitaines de bateaux de p\u00eache. Ces probl\u00e8mes sont devenus syst\u00e9matiques vers la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980 et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660469\" data-originallang=\"en\">Le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990 a marqu\u00e9, selon moi, l'apog\u00e9e des probl\u00e8mes de surp\u00eache et de l'agitation \u00e0 l'OPANO. L'Union europ\u00e9enne, en particulier, utilisait abondamment la proc\u00e9dure d'objection. Puis il y a eu la soi-disant d\u00e9couverte du fl\u00e9tan noir ou turbot, \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque. Une bataille sur les quotas de turbot s'est ensuivie, dont le point culminant a \u00e9t\u00e9 l'incident de l'Estai. Il y avait des conflits en haute mer. </p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660470\" data-originallang=\"en\">Lorsque cette question a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9gl\u00e9e \u2014 \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s en m\u00eame temps que l'entr\u00e9e en vigueur de l'entente sur la p\u00eache des Nations Unies \u2014 une nouvelle \u00e9tape a d\u00e9but\u00e9. Depuis les 10 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, une sorte de d\u00e9tente s'est install\u00e9e et on en est presque arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 une entente de collaboration avec de nombreux anciens opposants, notamment l'Union europ\u00e9enne. Aujourd'hui, le Canada et l'Union europ\u00e9enne collaborent \u00e0 la plupart des questions qui se pr\u00e9sentent \u00e0 la table de n\u00e9gociation de l'OPANO. Cette coop\u00e9ration se poursuivra-t-elle? Telle est la question.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660471\" data-originallang=\"en\">On constate un r\u00e9tablissement des stocks de poisson. On observe \u00e9galement que certains pays qui n'ont pas de quotas importants \u00e0 l'heure actuelle, notamment les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Cor\u00e9e, souhaiteraient obtenir une plus grande part du g\u00e2teau. Ce sont le Canada et l'Union europ\u00e9enne qui ont les plus grands quotas. C'est donc dans notre int\u00e9r\u00eat de ne pas changer le r\u00e9gime d'attribution des quotas.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660472\" data-originallang=\"en\">Voil\u00e0 pourquoi nous appuyons la d\u00e9cision de modifier le syst\u00e8me \u00e9lectoral pour passer \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 des deux tiers plut\u00f4t que de conserver la majorit\u00e9 actuelle qui est de 50 p. 100 plus une voix. Nous pouvons ainsi d\u00e9fendre nos quotas \u00e0 la table de n\u00e9gociation. C'est aussi pourquoi nous sommes en faveur d'une proc\u00e9dure de r\u00e8glement des diff\u00e9rends qui permettrait de parer efficacement aux objections \u00e9mises par des pays comme les \u00eeles F\u00e9ro\u00e9, qui \u00e9tablissent leurs propres quotas de crevettes 3L, parce que les d\u00e9cisions prises \u00e0 la table de n\u00e9gociation de l'OPANO ne leur conviennent pas.</p>\n<p data-HoCid=\"1660473\" data-originallang=\"en\">\u00c0 ces n\u00e9gociations, ce sont les int\u00e9r\u00eats nationaux qui sont mis en avant. Ce qui aura une incidence sur l'avenir, ce n'est pas le document comme tel, mais plut\u00f4t le contexte politique international et son fonctionnement \u00e0 la table. Le document donne une orientation, mais il ne peut pas dicter la dur\u00e9e que prendra sa mise en application. De plus, il peut tr\u00e8s bien ne pas provenir du Canada. Peu importe le diff\u00e9rend, on essaie d'entamer les n\u00e9gociations en toute bonne foi pour en arriver \u00e0 une solution qui cadre avec les objectifs de base. Mais au moment de prendre la d\u00e9cision, c'est notre int\u00e9r\u00eat qui compte. Selon nous, il est dans notre int\u00e9r\u00eat de ratifier la nouvelle convention.</p>"
    },
    "url": "/committees/fisheries/40-2/39/bruce-chapman-1/",
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    "source_id": "2907928",
    "document_url": "/committees/fisheries/40-2/39/",
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        "document_speeches_url": "/speeches/?document=%2Fcommittees%2Ffisheries%2F40-2%2F39%2F"
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}